楊忠岐^**  張永安

（國家林業(yè)局森林保護學(xué)重點實驗室，中國林科院森林生態(tài)環(huán)境與保護研究所 北京 100091）

Researches on techniques for biocontrol of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea，a severe invasive insect pest to China.   YANG Zhong-qi, ZHANG Yong-an (Key Lab of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China; Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environmental and Protection, Beijing 100091, China )

Abstract The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) is a severe invasive pest and has caused significant damages to forests and ornamental trees in China since its first finding in 1979. Particularly it has spread aseantriato Beijing in recent year and threats the successful conducting of “the Green Olympics” in Beijing in 2008. From the fail lessons of classical biological control by introductions of parasitoids from USA and Canada carried out during the period of 1952-1965, we have focused on looking for the China native parasitoids for biological control of the pest. By effort of successive studies for 21 years, an effective pupa parasitoid in the pest pupa, Chouioia cunea Yang (gen. & sp. Nov.)(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), was found and selected as a biological control agent. The biology, behavior, ecology, female reproductive system anatomy and mass rearing of the parasitoid have subsequently been studied. Meanwhile, the researches on releasing technique and substitute hosts for mass rearing the parasitoid have been carried out. The excellent control results were gotten by releasing it in many areas. In the same time a strain of nuclear polyhedron virus of the fall webworm (HcNPV) in the pest larva with high toxicity was discovered and selected. A superior artificial diet was developed for mass rearing fall webworm larvae first, and a large number of the pest larvae were reared with the diet, then inoculating HcNPV for mass producing the virus. In this way the quality and quantity of HcNPV have been guaranteed     for biological control of the pest larvae. An integrative biological control technique has been developed, i.e. spraying HcNPV in larva stage and releasing the parasitoid, C. cunea in the pupa stage of the fall webworm respectively. By applying the technique to control two generations of the fall webworm successively an effective and sustainable control results could be reached, and the fall webworm has been suppressed for six years in Shanghai, Dalian, Yantai and Qingdao cities. The biocontrol technique is safe for environment, attaining excellent control result without having influence on environment and biodiversity because the biocontrol agents are original ecological factors in forest ecosystems. It has been used in Beijing for control of the fall webworm to ensure that the goal of “the Green Olympics” be realized in 2008. 

Key words  the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, biological control, Chouioia cunea Yang, parasitoid, HcNPV, mass rearing, sustainable control    

摘 要 美國白蛾是重大外來入侵害蟲，對我國林業(yè)和園林綠化造成重大危害，尤其是近年來美國白蛾傳入北京，嚴(yán)重威脅著我國“綠色奧運”的順利舉辦和首都園林綠化及生態(tài)環(huán)境安全。根據(jù)美國白蛾多發(fā)生在居民區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和城市的特點，我們開展了對環(huán)境安全的生物防治技術(shù)研究。我們汲取前蘇聯(lián)等國家從美國白蛾的原產(chǎn)地引進天敵進行生物防治沒有成功的經(jīng)驗和教訓(xùn)，立足調(diào)查和尋找我國本土天敵。經(jīng)過21年的努力，發(fā)現(xiàn)和篩選出了白蛾周氏嚙小蜂（新屬新種）這種寄生美國白蛾的特優(yōu)天敵；研究了這種小蜂的行為學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)、生物學(xué)、解剖學(xué)及人工大量繁殖、放蜂防治技術(shù)；篩選出人工大量繁殖小蜂的替代寄主，解決了小蜂的大量繁殖的瓶頸問題；通過放蜂防治試驗，取得了良好的防治效果。同時，篩選出了防治美國白蛾的高毒力HcNPV病毒毒株，研究出美國白蛾人工飼料，利用人工飼料大量飼養(yǎng)美國白蛾幼蟲，然后接種擴增病毒，成功解決了HcNPV病毒大量擴增生產(chǎn)和常年生產(chǎn)的技術(shù)難題，做到了病毒的規(guī)�；�生產(chǎn)和常年生產(chǎn)，保證了大面積生產(chǎn)防治的需要和病毒質(zhì)量。研究出利用天敵昆蟲和病原微生物綜合應(yīng)用的防治模式：在美國白蛾幼蟲期噴灑HcNPV病毒，蛹期釋放白蛾周氏嚙小蜂，達(dá)到既控制當(dāng)代美國白蛾的危害，又有效抑制其下代的種群數(shù)量，取得了長期的持續(xù)控制美國白蛾的防治效果。上海市、大連市、煙臺市和青島市利用本項技術(shù)已經(jīng)完全控制了美國白蛾，特別是上海市利用本項生物防治技術(shù)防治后，已經(jīng)連續(xù)六年沒有再發(fā)現(xiàn)美國白蛾。由于本項生物防治技術(shù)利用的是自然界原有的控制害蟲的生態(tài)因子，因而對環(huán)境安全，做到既消滅了害蟲，又保證了生態(tài)環(huán)境和人畜的安全，也保護了生物多樣性。本項研究成果也為北京采用“綠色”防治技術(shù)有效控制美國白蛾提供了重要的科技支撐和技術(shù)保障。

 關(guān)鍵詞  美國白蛾；生物防治；白蛾周氏嚙小蜂；核型多角體病毒；人工繁殖；持續(xù)控制

美國白蛾是我國重大外來入侵害蟲，食葉危害。因其危害嚴(yán)重，故被列為國際檢疫害蟲。2005年北京發(fā)現(xiàn)美國白蛾。由于它繁殖量大，危害的寄主植物多，傳播速度快，因而在新傳入地常常暴發(fā)成災(zāi)。我國的遼寧、陜西、山東、河北、天津、上海等省市美國白蛾都曾大發(fā)生，爆發(fā)成災(zāi)，造成過嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)災(zāi)害。如何做到無污染地有效控制美國白蛾，保護首都園林綠化和生態(tài)環(huán)境安全，保障2008年北京“綠色奧運”的成功實現(xiàn)，是目前我們所面臨的迫切而重大的問題。

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